Shopify Expert for Code Removal

As the owner of a Shopify store using a customized Debutify theme, I am facing an issue that needs immediate resolution. A previous developer made customizations to the theme's code, which now seems to be preventing payment logos from displaying under the "Add To Cart" button.

The project entails:
- Having a solid understanding of Shopify and its coding structures, preferable experience with the Debutify theme.
- A knack for problem-solving and the ability to identify and delete the problematic code causing the issue.
- A keen eye and attention to detail to ensure the removal of the offending code does not interfere with other functionalities.

I have attempted to troubleshoot this issue myself to no avail; hence, your expert intervention is required to remove the problematic code and ensure smooth operation once again. Please review the attached files for a better understanding of what needs to be done.

Ideal Skills:
- Shopify Expertise
- Coding Proficiency
- Problem-solving ability
- Attention to detail
- Experience with Debutify theme customization

I'm looking forward to swift and precise work, restoring the visibility of the payment logos on my site.