Script to identify automatic network topology for a remote system

I need a script (either operating system script or a script using commands from some known tools such as nmap or metasploit) to use part of an academic project.
-Given a web url, or a subnet IP, I want that script to identify the topology related to that url (like all the related IP's), firewall, router, etc. I am not sure at what level this is possible using known tools, but this is what I need.