Leo Satellite Constellation Design

Hello,

I need a full professional case study and simulation on the Globalstar LEO satellite constellation. This work will be the foundation for my final-year project, where I will design a LEO satellite system specifically for the Saudi Arabia region. So the quality, depth, and clarity of the research are extremely important.

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PART 1 — Globalstar System Research (Full Case Study)
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Please prepare a detailed study of the Globalstar constellation covering:

1. Constellation Architecture
• Number of orbital planes
• Satellites per plane
• Total satellites
• Orbital altitude
• Inclination and why it was chosen
• Orbital period
• Satellite spacing/phasing
• Ground track behavior
• Revisit characteristics
• Coverage pattern
• Why Globalstar uses “bent-pipe” instead of inter-satellite links
• Strengths and limitations of their design

2. System Functionality
• Frequency bands (uplink/downlink)
• Duplex method
• Satellite-to-gateway communication
• Gateway placement strategy
• Performance at different latitudes
• Interference aspects
• Basic link budget summary

3. Coverage Analysis
• How Globalstar achieves global coverage
• Coverage behavior in equatorial, mid-latitude, and high-latitude regions
• Why Globalstar avoids polar coverage
• Comparison with Iridium & OneWeb

4. Engineering Rationale
Please explain Globalstar’s design decisions:
• Why 1414 km altitude
• Why 52° inclination
• Why 8 planes
• Why bent-pipe architecture
• Why gateway-based coverage
• Why this system is cheaper but more limited compared to other constellations

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PART 2 — Comparison with Other Constellations
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Include a comparison with:
• Iridium
• OneWeb
• Starlink
• China’s GW constellation
• India’s planned satellite IoT systems
• ESA IRIS²

For each one:
• Total satellites
• Orbits & inclination
• Coverage type
• Purpose of the system
• Advantages & disadvantages

Also explain which features are most suitable for designing a LEO system for Saudi Arabia.

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PART 3 — MATLAB Simulations (Required)
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I need MATLAB code and figures simulating the Globalstar system.

Required outputs:
• 3D orbit visualization
• Ground tracks of all satellites
• 24-hour ground track for one satellite
• Sub-satellite point animation
• Coverage footprints
• Revisit analysis over Saudi Arabia
• How many satellites are visible over Saudi Arabia each hour
• Orbital lanes
• Satellite ID tracking

Code requirements:
• Fully commented
• Organized cleanly
• Must run without errors
• Provide .m files + PNG figures + .fig files

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PART 4 — Connecting Globalstar to My Saudi LEO Design
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I need a section explaining how to use what we learned from Globalstar to design a LEO constellation for Saudi Arabia.

Please include:
• What design choices from Globalstar are relevant
• What must be modified for Saudi latitudes (16°–32°N)
• How inclination affects visibility in Saudi Arabia
• Minimum number of satellites needed for reliable coverage
• Recommended:
• Altitude
• Inclination
• Number of planes
• Satellites per plane
• Possible gateway locations in KSA

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PART 5 — Final Report Formatting
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The final document should include:
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Full Globalstar case study
• Comparison with other constellations
• MATLAB results and figures
• Discussion for Saudi Arabia’s design
• Conclusion
• References (IEEE format)

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Additional Notes
• All text must be original
• Use a professional engineering writing style
• Diagrams must be clear and well-labeled
• Report length: around 15–25 pages

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Please confirm that everything is clear and start with the Globalstar research first.
Once that is ready, we will move to the MATLAB simulations.