Help me configure emacs to fit for my needs as an academic

I have started using emacs a while ago and really enjoyed it so far. My goal now is to adjust my workflow and everything around it to my needs as an academic. Most of the work is concerned with many minor things like changing single functions or tracking down bugs. For this reason, I am looking for an experienced emacs lisp programmer who does precisely what I ask for. As a reference, below is a list of things I would like to have changed.