Fix WooCommerce Duplicate Price Display

My store’s product catalog is showing two same prices for every item and I only want one of them to appear. The duplicate shows up strictly in the catalog — the individual product pages look fine. I’m not sure whether the extra price is coming from the theme, a plugin, or a custom snippet, so I need someone who can trace the source and remove the unwanted output cleanly.

Here’s what I expect:

• Identify the line of code, template, or plugin hook that prints the second price on catalog (archive / category) views.
• Remove or suppress that output without affecting the correct price, taxes, or sale-price logic.
• Provide the fix as either a child-theme override, a small custom plugin, or a snippet I can drop into functions.php—whichever is safest for future updates.
• Confirm that only one price remains visible across all catalog layouts, including grid, list, and search results, while product pages continue to work exactly as they do now.

You can work directly on a staging copy if you need full access; otherwise, let me know the files to share. Please be comfortable with WooCommerce hooks, template hierarchy and basic PHP/JS/CSS debugging.